A project in business A business is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods or services, or both, to consumers, businesses and governmental entities. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned. A business is typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business and science Science is a systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about nature and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories. As knowledge has increased, some methods have proved more reliable than others, and today the scientific method is the standard for science. It includes the use of careful observation, experimentation, is a collaborative enterprise, frequently involving research or design, that is carefully planned A plan is typically any procedure used to achieve an objective. It is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal to achieve a particular aim.[1]
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Overview
The word project comes from the Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many word projectum from the Latin verb proicere, "to throw something forwards" which in turn comes from pro-, which denotes something that precedes the action of the next part of the word in time (paralleling the Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of πρό) and iacere, "to throw". The word "project" thus actually originally meant "something that comes before anything else happens".
When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an "object A goal or objective is a projected state of affairs that a person or a system plans or intends to achieve—a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort of assumed development. Many people endeavor to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines".
Specific uses
School and university
At school, educational institute and university, a project is a research assignment given to a student which generally requires a larger amount of effort and more independent work than is involved in a normal essay assignment. It requires students to undertake their own fact-finding and analysis, either from library/internet research or from gathering data empirically. The written report that comes from the project is usually in the form of a dissertation A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some countries/universities, the word thesis or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or master's course, while dissertation is normally applied to a doctorate, whilst,, which will contain sections on the project's inception, methods of inquiry, analysis, findings and conclusions.[2]
Engineering project
The engineering project is a particular type of technological system, embedded in the context of technological systems in general.[3] Engineering projects are, in many countries, specifically defined by legislation, which requires that such projects should be carried out by registered engineers An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost. The word engineer is derived from and/or registered engineering companies. That is, companies with license to carry out such works as design and construction of buildings Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons, power plants A power station is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power, industrial facilities, installation and erection of electrical grid networks When referring to the power industry, "grid" is a term used for an electricity network which may support all or some of the following three distinct operations:, transportation infrastructure and the like.
The scope of the project is specified in a contract In law, a contract is an agreement between two or more parties which, if it contains the elements of a valid legal agreement, is enforceable by law or by binding arbitration. A legally enforceable contract is an exchange of promises with specific legal remedies for breach. These can include compensatory remedy, whereby the defaulting party is between the owner and the engineering and construction parties. As a rule, an engineering project is broken down into design … the process of servicing a system, component or process to meet desired deeds. It is a decision-making process , in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and and construction In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer, phases. The outputs of the design process are drawings An engineering drawing, a type of technical drawing, is created within the technical drawing discipline, and used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, calculations, and all other design documentation necessary to carry out the next phase.[4]
Project management
In project management Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically a program is actually a higher level construct: a group of related and somehow interdependent projects a project consists of a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product The noun product is defined as a "thing produced by labor or effort" or the "result of an act or a process", and stems from the verb produce, from the Latin prōdūce '(to) lead or bring forth'. Since 1575, the word "product" has referred to anything produced. Since 1695, the word has referred to "thing or things, service A service is the intangible equivalent of a good. Service provision is often an economic activity where the buyer does not generally, except by exclusive contract, obtain exclusive ownership of the thing purchased. The benefits of such a service, if priced, are held to be self-evident in the buyers willingness to pay for it. Public services are or result.[5] Another definition is a management environment that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to a specified business case A business case captures the reasoning for initiating a project or task. It is often presented in a well-structured written document, but may also sometimes come in the form of a short verbal argument or presentation. The logic of the business case is that, whenever resources such as or effort are consumed, they should be in support of a specific.[6]
Project objectives A goal or objective is a projected state of affairs that a person or a system plans or intends to achieve—a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort of assumed development. Many people endeavor to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines define target status at the end of the project, reaching of which is considered necessary for the achievement of planned benefits. They can be formulated as S.M.A.R.T[7]: Specific, Measurable (or at least evaluable) achievement, Achievable (recently Acceptable is used regularly as well), realistic (given the current state of organizational resources) and Time terminated (bounded). The evaluation (measurement) occurs at the project closure. However a continuous guard on the project progress should be kept by monitoring and evaluating. It is also worth noting that SMART is best applied for incremental type innovation projects.[citation needed] For radical type projects it does not apply as well. Goals for such projects tend to be broad, qualitative, stretch/unrealistic and success driven.
Examples of notable projects
- Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint which mapped the human genome The human genome is the genome of Homo sapiens, which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. Twenty-two of these are autosomal chromosome pairs, while the remaining pair is sex-determining. The haploid human genome occupies a total of just over 3 billion DNA base pairs. The Human Genome Project produced a reference sequence of the euchromatic human
- Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the codename for a project conducted during World War II to develop the first atomic bombs. The project was led by the United States, and included participation from the United Kingdom and Canada. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineering District , it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942–194, which developed the first nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion
- Polaris missile project The Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fuel nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile built during the Cold War by Lockheed Corporation of California for the United States Navy: an ICBM An intercontinental ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). Due to their great range and firepower, in an all-out nuclear war, land-based and submarine-based ballistic missiles would carry most of the control-system
- Project Apollo The Apollo program was an American spaceflight endeavor that landed the first humans on Earth's Moon. Conceived during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and conducted by NASA, Apollo began in earnest after President John F. Kennedy's May 25, 1961 special address to a joint session of Congress declaring a national goal of "landing a man, which landed humans on the moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite[nb 4] and is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1/81 its mass, and is the second densest satellite after Io. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always
- Soviet atomic bomb project The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon in August of 1949
- Soviet manned lunar projects and programs The Soviet Union competed with the United States to be the first to land a man on the Moon in the 1960s. The Soviet Moonshot program ultimately consisted of two separate manned programs: a lunar flyby program using a UR-500K / L1 (Zond) combination, and a lunar landing program using a N1 / L3 combination. Following the dual success of the American
See also
- Megaproject A megaproject is an extremely large-scale investment project. Megaprojects are typically defined as costing more than US$1 billion and attracting a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets. Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public.&
- Project governance The term Project governance is used in industry, especially in the information technology sector (see Information technology governance), to describe the processes that need to exist for a successful project. Project Governance is an active rather than just a controlling role. While lack of senior management commitment is a consistent cause of
- Project Management Institute The Project Management Institute is a non-profit professional organization for the project management profession with the purpose of advancing project management (PMI)
- Project management software Project management software is a term covering many types of software, including scheduling, cost control and budget management, resource allocation, collaboration software, communication, quality management and documentation or administration systems, which are used to deal with the complexity of large projects
- Project planning Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment
- Cone of Uncertainty In project management, the Cone of Uncertainty describes the change of uncertainties during a project. It goes back to research done by NASA which came to the conclusion that in the beginning of the project life cycle estimations have in general an uncertainty of factor 4. This means that the actual duration can be 4 times or 1/4th of the first
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press, is a dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. As of December 2008[update], the editors had completed one quarter of a third edition
- ^ Thomas, G: How to do your research project. Sage Publications Inc, 2009.
- ^ Gene Moriarty, The Engineering Project:Its Nature, Ethics, and Promise, page 7. Penn State Press, 2008.
- ^ civil
- ^ A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge is a project management guide, and an internationally recognized standard, that provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects, including construction, software, engineering, automotive, etc (PMBOK Guide), Third Edition, Project Management Institute The Project Management Institute is a non-profit professional organization for the project management profession with the purpose of advancing project management.
- ^ - APM Group - PRINCE2
- ^ Carr, David, Make Sure Your Project Goals are SMART, PM Hut. Accessed 18. Oct 2009.
Categories: Projects | Project management Categories: Management | Production and manufacturing | Product development | Collaboration Categories: Human behavior | Communication | Corporate culture
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The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library seeks a knowledgeable, motivated, and collaborative individual for the position of Special . Projects. Cataloger to work halftime in the North Carolina Collection (NCC) and halftime ...
Q. I have my students build a blinky robot with resisitors, transistors, capacitors and LEDs in my electronics class. After they build the project, sometimes they dont work properly. I wish i knew how to use a multimeter to troubleshoot their projects and identify which parts are damaged or defective. Any ideas?
Asked by americanbehn - Sat May 19 21:33:34 2007 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Troubleshooting student electronic projects, always fun! The multimeter is the most basic electronic test instrument. Get one and practice using it. As you may already know, the DVM measures voltage, current, resistance, and sometimes other electronic parameters. There is nothing to using one of these devices. Just don't try to measure resistor values with the voltage applied to the circuit under test. Otherwise, the DVM is pretty much fool-proof for all other measurements. You don't say if the projects are all the same type using the same diagram and components. If so, that should make things a little easier. First place to start is to find one project that works properly, use it as the model. Take your DVM, digital volt meter,(ci [cont.]
Answered by Bob D - Sat May 19 22:03:02 2007
